Introduction to India's Foreign Trade ↓
Foreign Trade is one of the significant macro fundamental variable of an economy. India till recently was predominantly a primary goods exporting and mainly an industrial goods importing country.
In 1950s, India's share in the world trade was 1.78% which was decline to 0.59% in 1990 and continues to remain around 0.60% till now. India's share in world exports was 0.8% in 2006.
A. Composition of India's Exports ↓
Britishers strongly believed that India was a country well suited to supply raw materials and other primary goods and a good market place for British manufacturers. So at the time of our independence our exports were predominantly of primary goods and imports were of manufacturers. At the time of independence agricultural commodities and light manufactured consumer goods dominated India's export basket. During the post independence period India's composition of exports changed.
Now exports of India's are broadly classified into following four categories.
The composition of India's export can be summarised as follows :-
1. Agricultural and Allied Products
The share of agriculture items in the total exports of India has declined between 1990-91 to 2005-06. The share of agriculture exports was 19.5% in 1990-91. It came down to about 10.2% in 2005-06.
The top items of agriculture exports include :-
- Fish Products,
- Rice,
- Oil Cakes,
- Fruits and Vegetables
As far as agricultural exports are concerned, a significant development during the period since 1991 has been the considerable exports of rice in certain year. In fact, exports of rice were as high as $ 1,366 millions in 1995-96 which was 4.3 percent of total export earning in that year. In 2005-06, exports of rice were worth $ 1,405 millions which was 1.4 percent of total export earning in that year.
2. Ores and Minerals
The overall export performance of ores and minerals is not satisfactory. In percentage terms, the export performance of ores and mineral has increased from 4.4% in 199091 to 5.2% in 2005-06.
A major share of ores and minerals exports comes from the export of iron ore.
3. Manufactured Goods
The share of manufactured items in the total export earnings of India is on the increase. In 1990-91, the share of manufactured items in the total export earnings was about 73% of the total export earnings.
In 2005-06, the share of manufactured items in the total export earnings of India remained stagnant at 72%.
The top manufactured export items include :-
- Engineering Goods,
- Gems and Jewellery,
- Chemicals and Allied products, and
- Readymade Garments
For most of the period since 1991, largest export earnings came from the exports of gems and jewellery. The share of gems and jewellery in India's total export was 15.3% in 1991-92 and 15.1% in 2005-06. However, gems and jewellery industry is a highly import intensive industry requiring large amount of imports of pearls and precious stones.
Exports of chemicals and allied products rose significantly from $ 1,583 millions in 1991-92 to $ 11,935 millions in 2005-06. In percentage terms, their share stood at 11.6% in 2005-06 and they occupied the third place in India's export earnings in this year.
In percentage terms, readymade garments maintained an almost constant share all through the period since 1991. They contributed 12.3% of export earnings in 1991-92 and 12.5% of export earnings in 2000-01. In 2003-04, their share fell to 9.8% and in 2005-06 to 8.3%.
4. Mineral Fuel and Lubricants
There has been an improvement in the export of mineral fuels and lubricants both in terms of value and in terms of percentage. In percentage terms, its share has increased from less than 2.9% in 1990-91 to 11.5% in 2005-06.
Some other facts regarding structural change in India's export since 1991 are as follows :-
- There are indication that during 1990s, some of Indian exports have moved upwards in value addition chain whereby instead of exporting raw materials, the country has switched over to export of processed goods.
- There were significant compositional shift within the major manufactured product groups such as engineering. goods, chemicals and allied products, etc.
B. Composition of India's Imports ↓
In 1947-48 the main items of India's imports were machineries, oil, grains, cotton, cutlery, hardware implements, chemicals, etc. They constituted 70% of India's imports. After that due to the emphasis on industrialisation during the second 5-Year plan necessitated the imports of capital goods.
Now imports of India's are broadly classified into following four categories.
The composition of India's imports can be summarised as follows :-
1. Petroleum Products
Imports of petroleum oil and lubricants rose significantly from $ 5364 millions in 199192 to $ 43,963 millions i.e. more than eight times.
Due to high price of crude oil, the POL imports jumped to $ 15,650 millions in 2000-01. In 1990-91, petroleum products accounted for nearly 25% of total imports of India. In 2005-06, it has further increased to nearly 31% of the total import bill of India.
2. Capital Goods
The imports of capital goods was $ 3,610 millions in 1991-92. In 1995-96 due to sharp rise in non-electrical machinery imports, the imports of capital goods jumped upto $ 8,458 millions. However due to slowing domestic demand imports of capital goods fell subsequently. The capital goods and related items were 24.1% of the total imports of India in 1990-91, which has come down slightly in 2005-06 to about 22.3%.
3. Pearls and Precious Stones
To meet the requirements of the gems & jewellery industry pearls and precious stones are imported in large quantities. In 1990-91, the share of pearls and precibus stones was 8.7% which has reduced in percentage terms to 6.4% in 2005-06.
4. Iron and Steel
The imports of iron and steel have declined over the years in percentage terms. In 1990-91, the share of iron and steel imports was 5%, which has come down to 3% in 2005-06. This is because, a good amount of iron ore is now extracted in India which has reduced imports.
5. Fertilizers
Import of fertilizers in 1991-92 stood at $ 954 millions. In 2003-04 expenditure on import of fertilizers was $ 635 millions.
The import of fertilizers have declined, which indicates less dependence of India on imported fertilizers. The share in total imports of fertilizers was 4.1% in 1990-91, which came down to 1.5% in 2005-06.
Conclusion on India's Foreign Trade ↓
Composition of India's foreign trade has undergone a positive change. It is a remarkable achievement that India have transformed itself from a predominantly primary goods exporting country into a non-primary goods exporting country. Under import too India's dependence on food grains and capital goods has declined.
The trend indicates structural transformation of Indian economy.
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